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An ecotoxicological risk assessment of groundwater from two Macquarie Island fuel spill sites was conducted to assess the level of risk posed by the sites to the adjacent marine receiving environment. Experiments were conducted on Macquarie Island during the summer season of 2017/18. The two fuel spill sites (known as: Fuel Farm and Power House, see file: Map-macquarie_building_and_structures_14676.pdf) within the vicinity of the Macquarie Island research station had undergone intensive in situ remediation by the Australian Antarctic Division over the previous decade. Despite remediation efforts, groundwater leaching from the sites continued to contain some residual fuel contamination, with sheen observed at several shoreline seeps and chemical analysis of groundwater samples confirmed some hydrocarbon contamination remained. This study aimed to assess the level of residual risk posed by groundwater from these sites as it enters the adjacent marine environment. We ran a series of toxicity tests using composited samples of salinity-adjusted groundwater discharge, as an exposure medium to test the sensitivity of 11 locally collected marine invertebrate species to the groundwater. Groundwater sampling was conducted over two periods: 23-29/11/17 and 18-20/12/17, for use in two rounds of toxicity testing (referred to as test round 1 (A and B) and test round 2). Groundwater samples were collected from 22 groundwater monitoring points; 12 surface seeps and 7 previously installed piezometers. These monitoring points were located along the coastal margin of the of the fuel spill sites, at their boundary with the adjacent marine environment (see: Locations-Fuel Farm-groundwater monitoring.pdf and Locations-Powerhouse-groundwater monitoring.pdf). The 22 groundwater samples were used to prepare seven salinity-adjusted composite test solutions (TS), each composed of equal volumes of up to nine groundwater samples. Salinity adjustment was to approximately that of ambient seawater (34 ppt), using hypersaline brine (prepared from locally collected clean seawater, which was frozen, then partially defrosted to collect concentrated brine). A total of approximately 6 L of was prepared for each of the seven TSs. See file: MI Ecotox-2017-18_TestSolutions_v03.xlsx for TS details (including: collection, preparation and physicochemical analysis results). Eleven locally collected marine invertebrate species were used in the tests. Biota were collected from two sites on Macquarie Island, both within the vicinity of the research station but away from areas of known fuel contamination: 1). Garden Bay on the East Coast (54° 29' 56.9" S, 158° 56' 28.8" E) and 2). Hasselborough Bay on the West Coast (54° 29' 45.6" S, 158° 55' 55.8" E). See: Map-macquarie_building_and_structures_14676.pdf. Dates of collection of test biota were 1/12/2017 (for test round 1A), 6/12/2017 (for test round 1B) and 20 and 22/12/17 (for test round 2). The 11 test taxa were from six broad taxonomic groups: 2 amphipods (Paramoera sp., Parawaldeckia kidderi), 2 flatworms (Obrimoposthia wandeli, Obrimoposthia ohlini), 2 copepods (Tigriopus angulatus, Harpacticus sp.), 2 gastropods (Laevilitorina caliginosa, Macquariella hamiltoni), 2 bivalves (Gaimardia trapesina, Lasaea hinemoa) and 1 isopod (Exosphaeroma gigas). Test biota were observed for 14 or 21 days and survival observed periodically. Full details of toxicity test conditions are provided in the file: MI Ecotox-2017-18_RawTestObs v02.xlsx (worksheets: TestSummary, Species and Endpoints). This file also contains, on subsequent worksheets, the raw toxicity test observations for each text taxa. These raw result data are compiled in the file: MI Ecotox-2017-18_Test-DATA.xlsx, worksheet: Survival-ALL contains survival data for all tests and taxa. Subsequent worksheets provide data for each test taxa separately and also include any sublethal observations that were made. All data associated with test solution collection, composition and chemistry are provided in the file: MI Ecotox-2017-18_TestSolutions.xlsx. The following (A. – I.) provides a description for the files provided with this record: A. MI Ecotox-2017-18_A-Map-Groundwater monitoring sites.png Images of study sites. A.) Overall Macquarie Island station environment, with Fuel Farm (red) and Power House (blue) indicated and showing the close proximity of the two land based sites to the adjacent high energy marine receiving environment. B.) Line map indicating relative location sites; Power House (blue) and Fuel Farm (red) sites, within the Macquarie Island station area. C.) and D.) Aerial images of the two sites, showing groundwater monitoring point locations (piezometers and seeps) used to prepare the seven test solutions (TS) as per key; Power House (TS4 and TS5) and Fuel Farm (TS1, TS2, TS3, TS6 and TS7), respectively. Monitoring point labels correspond with those provided in the file: MI Ecotox-2017-18_D-TestSolutions.xlsx / TS-Collection. B. MI Ecotox-2017-18_B-Map-macquarie_building_and_structures_14676.pdf Map of overall Macquarie Island station area, showing locations referred to in this study relative to other station infrastructure; Fuel Farm and Power House (land based fuel contaminated sites) and Hasselborough Bay and Garden Bay (clean marine areas for collection of test biota). Produced by the Australian Antarctic Data Centre, July 2018. Map available at: https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/. Map Catalogue No. 14676. © Commonwealth of Australia 2018. C. MI Ecotox-2017-18_C-RawTestObs.xlsx Toxicity test condition details (in worksheets named: TestSummary, Species, Endpoints) and raw toxicity test observations for each text taxa (in subsequent worksheets). D. MI Ecotox-2017-18_D-TestSolutions.xlsx Details of test solutions, including collection, composition and chemistry. E. MI Ecotox-2017-18_E-Test-DATA.xlsx Compiled raw toxicity test results in long format. Worksheet: Survival-ALL contains survival data for all tests and taxa. Subsequent worksheets provide data for each test taxa separately and includes sublethal observations if made). F. MI Ecotox-2017-18_F-ScanLabBook.pdf Scanned copy of the laboratory notebook associated with these tests. Notes were recorded by Cath King and Jessica Holan during the 17/18 Macquarie Island field season. G. MI Ecotox-2017-18_G-ScanObservationSheets.pdf Scanned copy of the handwritten raw observation sheets used to record test observations (observations scored by: Cath King and Jessica Holan). H. MI Ecotox-2017-18_H-ChemicalAnalysis-ALS-COA.pdf Certificate of Analysis for chemistry results for samples analysed by Australian Laboratory Services (ALS) Environmental, Melbourne. Includes Total Recoverable Hydrocarbons (TRH; with and without silica gel clean up), nutrients (nitrogen) and a standard toxicity test (Microtox). Client sample ID with “Ecotox TS” prefix are those relevant to this study (other samples are associated with broader site remediation monitoring for the 17/18 season). I. MI Ecotox-2017-18_I-ChemicalAnalysis-ALS-QAQC.pdf Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) report provided by ALS, in association with the Certificate of Analysis. As previous, Client sample ID with “Ecotox TS” prefix are relevant to this study. J. MI Ecotox-2017-18_J-size measurements.zip Measures of specimen body lengths (mm). The .zip file contains a text file named: SizeMeasurements-README.txt, providing a description of the content associated with these data.
The collection aims to showcase the range of Southern Ocean diatom species found in the major hydrological provinces of the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean along the 140 degrees E. The collection includes specimens collected in the Sub-Antarctic Zone (SAZ), Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) and Antarctic Zone (AZ). Samples were collected with McLane Parflux time series sediment traps placed at several depths in the SAZ (47 degrees S site), PFZ (54 degrees S site) and AZ and (61 degrees S site) during the decade 1997-2007. The shortest sampling intervals were eight days and corresponded with the austral summer and autumn, whereas the longest interval was 60 days and corresponded with austral winter. Split aliquots were obtained for taxonomic analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For improved taxonomic imaging, samples were treated with hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide to remove carbonates and organic matter, respectively. A micropipette was used to transfer the suspension of selected samples to a round-glass cover slip following standard decantation method outlined by Barcena and Abrantes (1998). Samples were air-dried and coated with gold for SEM analysis. SEM analysis was carried out using a JEOL 6480LV scanning electron microscope. Taxonomy Diatoms include all algae from the Class Bacillariophyceae and follow the standardised taxonomy of World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Order Asterolamprales Family Asterolampraceae Asteromphalus hookeri Ehrenberg Asteromphalus hyalinus Karsten Order Achnanthales Family Cocconeidaceae Cocconeis sp. Order Bacillariales Family Bacillariaceae Fragilariopsis curta (Van Heurck) Hustedt Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (O'Meara) Hustedt Fragilariopsis pseudonana (Hasle) Hasle Fragilariopsis rhombica (O'Meara) Hustedt Fragilariopsis separanda Hustedt Nitzschia bicapitata Cleve Nitzschia kolaczeckii Grunow Nitzschia sicula (Castracane) Husted var. bicuneata (Grunow) Hasle Nitzschia sicula (Castracane) Husted var. rostrata Hustedt Pseudo-nitzschia heimii Manguin Pseudo-nitzschia lineola (Cleve) Hasle Pseudo-nitzschia turgiduloides Hasle Order Chaetocerotanae incertae sedis Family Chaetoceraceae Chaetoceros aequatorialis var. antarcticus Cleve Chaetoceros atlanticus Cleve Chaetoceros dichaeta Ehrenberg Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell Chaetoceros sp. Order Corethrales Family Corethraceae Corethron spp. Order Coscinodiscales Family Coscinodiscaceae Stellarima stellaris (Roper) Hasle et Sims Family Hemidiscaceae Actinocyclus sp. Azpeitia tabularis (Grunow) Fryxell et Sims Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich Roperia tesselata (Roper) Grunow Order Hemiaulales Family Hemiaulaceae Eucampia antarctica (Castracane) Mangin Order Naviculales Family Plagiotropidaceae Tropidoneis group Family Naviculaceae Navicula directa (Smith) Ralfs Family Pleurosigmataceae Pleurosigma sp. Order Rhizosoleniales Family Rhizosoleniaceae Dactyliosolen antarcticus Castracane Rhizosolenia antennata f. semispina Sundstrom Rhizosolenia antennata (Ehrenberg) Brown f. antennata Rhizosolenia cf. costata Gersonde Rhizosolenia polydactyla Castracane f. polydactyla Rhizosolenia simplex Karsten Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundstrom Proboscia inermis (Castracane) Jordan Ligowski Order Thalassiosirales Family Thalassiosiraceae Porosira pseudodenticulata (Hustedt) Jouse Thalassiosira ferelineata Hasle et Fryxell Thalassiosira gracilis (Karsten) Hustedt Thalassiosira lentiginosa (Janisch) Fryxell Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Hasle var. oestrupii Fryxell et Hasle Thalassiosira oliveriana (O'Meara) Makarova et Nikolaev Thalassiosira tumida (Janisch) Hasle Order Thalassionematales Family Thalassionemataceae Thalassionema nitzschioides var. lanceolatum Grunow Thalassiothrix antarctica Schimper ex Karsten Data available: 73 SEM images of the most abundant diatom species found at the three sampling sites. Samples were collected by several sediment traps placed at different depths in the Subantarctic Zone (47 degrees S site), Polar Frontal Zone (54 degrees S site) and Antarctic Zone (61 degrees S site) during the decade 1997-2007. The collection site and date for each species image can be found in Table 1 (see the word document in the download file).
Study location and test species Subantarctic Macquarie Island lies in the Southern Ocean, just north of the Antarctic Convergence at 54 degrees 30' S, 158 degrees 57' E. Its climate is driven by oceanic processes, resulting in highly stable daily and inter-seasonal air and sea temperatures (Pendlebury and Barnes-Keoghan, 2007). Temperatures in intertidal rock pools (0.5 to 2 m deep) were logged with Thermochron ibuttons over two consecutive summers and averaged 6.5 (plus or minus 0.5) degrees C. The island is relatively pristine and in many areas there has been no past exposure to contamination. To confirm sites used for invertebrate collections were free from metal contamination, seawater samples were taken and analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Varian 720-ES; S1) The four invertebrate species used in this study were drawn from a range of taxa and ecological niches (Figure 1). The isopod Limnoria stephenseni was collected from floating fronds of the kelp Macrosystis pyrifera, which occurs several hundred meters offshore. The copepod Harpacticus sp. and bivalve Gaimardia trapesina were collected from algal species in the high energy shallow, subtidal zone. Finally, the flatworm Obrimoposthia ohlini was collected from the undersides of boulders throughout the intertidal zone. We hypothesised L. stephenseni would be particularly sensitive to changes in salinity and temperature due to its distribution in the deeper and relatively stable subtidal areas, while O. ohlini would be less sensitive due to its distribution high in the intertidal zone and exposure to naturally variable conditions. We reasoned that the remaining two species, G. trapesina, and Harpacticus sp. were intermediate in the conditions to which they are naturally exposed and hence would likely be intermediate in their response. Test procedure The combined effect of salinity, temperature and copper on biota was determined using a multi-factorial design. A range of copper concentrations were tested with each combination of temperatures and salinities, so that there were up to 9 copper toxicity tests simultaneously conducted per species (Table 1). Experiments on L. stephenseni and Harpacticus sp. were done on Macquarie Island within 2 to 3 days of collection, during which they were acclimated to laboratory conditions. While, G. trapesina and O. ohlini were transported by ship to Australia in a recirculating aquarium system and maintained in a recirculating aquarium at the Australian Antarctic Division in Hobart, both at 6 degreesC. These two taxa were used in experiments within 3 months of their collection. A limited number of G. trapesina and O. ohlini were available, resulting in fewer combinations of stressors tested. Controls for the temperature and salinity treatments were set at ambient levels of 35 plus or minus 0.1 ppt and 5.5 to 6 degreesC for all species. The lowered control temperature for the bivalve reflected the cooler seasonal temperatures at time of testing and lower position within the intertidal. Previous tests conducted under these ambient conditions provided information on the ranges of relevant copper concentrations, appropriate test durations, and water change regimes for each taxon (Holan et al., 2017, Holan et al., 2016b). From these previous studies, we determined that a test duration of 14 d was sometimes required with 7 d often being the best outcome for most species due to high control survival and sufficient response across concentrations. The bivalve G. trapesina was an exception to this due to unfavourable water quality after 3 days in previous work (Holan et al., 2016). For the other three species, this longer duration for acute tests, compared to tests with tropical and temperature species (24 to 96 h) was consistent with previous Antarctic studies that have required longer durations in order to elicit an acute response in biota (King and Riddle, 2001, Marcus Zamora et al., 2015, Sfiligoj et al., 2015). Experimental variables (volume of water, density of test organisms, copper concentrations, temperatures and salinities) differed for each experiment due to differences between each species (Table 1). The temperature increases that were tested (2 to 4 degreesC) reflected the increased sea and air temperatures predicted for the region tested by 2100 (Collins et al., 2013). Treatments were prepared 24 h prior to the addition of animals. Seawater was filtered to 0.45 microns and water quality was measured using a TPS 90-FL multimeter at the start and end of tests. Dissolved oxygen was greater than 80% saturation and pH was 8.1 to 8.3 at the start of tests. All experimental vials and glassware were washed with 10% nitric acid and rinsed with MilliQ water three times before use. Salinity of test solutions was prepared by dilution through the addition of MilliQ water. Copper treatments using the filtered seawater at altered salinities were prepared using 500mg/L CuSO4 (Analytical grade, Univar) in MilliQ water stock solution. Samples of test solutions for metal analysis by ICP-OES were taken at the start and end of tests (on days 0 and 14). Details of ICP-OES procedures are described in the Supplemental material (S4). Samples were taken using a 0.45 µm syringe filter that had been acid and Milli-Q rinsed. Samples were then acidified with 1% diluted ultra-pure nitric acid (65% Merck Suprapur). Measured concentrations at the start of tests were within 96% of nominal concentrations. In order to determine approximate exposure concentrations for each treatment, we averaged the 0 d and 14 d measured concentrations (Table 1). Tests were conducted in temperature controlled cabinets at a light intensity of 2360 lux. At the Macquarie Island station a light-dark regime of 16:8 h was used to mimic summer conditions. In the laboratories in Kingston, Australia, a 12:12 h regime was used to simulate Autum light conditions (as appropriate for the time of testing). Test individuals were slowly acclimated to treatment temperatures over 1 to 2 h before being added to treatments. Temperatures were monitored using Thermochron ibutton data loggers within the cabinets for the duration of the tests. Determination of mortality of individuals differed for each taxon. Mortality was recorded for Gaimardia trapesina when shells were open due to dysfunctional adductor muscles; for Obrimoposthia ohlini when individuals were inactive and covered in mucous; for Limnoria stephenseni when individuals were inactive after gentle stimulation with a stream of water from a pipette; and for Harpacticus sp. when urosomes were perpendicular to prosomes (as used in other studies with copepods; see Kwok and Leung, 2005). All dead individuals were removed from test vials.
We investigated the toxicity of copper, zinc and cadmium to the following taxa: copepods Tigriopus angulatus (Lang) and Harpacticus sp. (Order Harpacticoida, Family Harpacticidae); flatworm Obrimoposthia ohlini (Bergendal) (Order Seriata, Family Procerodidae); bivalve Gaimardia trapesina (Lamarck) (Order Veneroida, Family Gaimardiidae); sea cucumber Pseudopsolus macquariensis (Dendy) (Order Dendrochirotida, Family Cucumriidae); sea star Anasterias directa (Koeler) (Order Forcipulatida, Family Asteriidae). Sites chosen for the collection of invertebrates for this study were free of obvious signs of metal contamination, as verified by the analysis of seawater samples from collection sites by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Six invertebrate species were selected for toxicity tests to represent a range of taxa and ecological niches. Individuals of the copepod Tigriopus angulatus were collected using fine mesh dip nets from rock pools high on the intertidal zone. Individuals of the flatworm Obrimoposthia ohlini were collected from the undersides of boulders, high in the intertidal zone. The copepod Harpacticus sp. and bivalve Gaimardia trapesina were collected from several macroalgae species at high energy locations in the intertidal zone. Individuals of the sea cucumber Pseudopsolus macquariensis were collected from rocks from high energy locations from the intertidal to subtidal zones. Juveniles of the sea star Anasterias directa were collected from rocks in deep pools, low in the intertidal zone. All experimental tests using O. ohlini, T. angulatus, P. macquariensis and A. directa were conducted at the AAD Kingston laboratories, while some tests with Harpacticus sp. and all tests with G. trapesina were conducted in the laboratory facilities on Macquarie Island. Adult life-stages were tested for all species except for P. macquairensis and A. directa in which juvenile stages were tested. Psedopsolus macquariensis released eggs in the aquarium which developed into juveniles prior to being used in tests, and juvenile A. directa were collected from the field. Each test involved exposure to copper, zinc or cadmium solution under a static non-renewal test regime over 14 days. Five metal concentrations plus a control were used for each test, with 3-5 replicates of each concentration. Where possible, tests were replicated. Concentrations used in replicate tests sometimes varied, as species sensitivity information accrued in tests was used to optimise subsequent tests. Metal test solutions in seawater were prepared 24 hours prior to the addition of animals, using 500 micrograms/L CuSO4, 500 micrograms/L ZnCl2 and 500 micrograms/L Cd SO4 MilliQ stock solutions. Seawater was filtered to 0.45 microns and water quality parameters were measured using a TPS 90-FL multimeter at the start and end of tests. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was greater than 80% saturation, salinity 35 ppt plus or minus 0.5, and pH was ~8.1-8.3 at the start of tests. All experimental vials and glassware were acid washed with 10% nitric acid and rinsed with MilliQ three times before use. Metal concentrations were determined using ICP-OES; samples of test solutions were taken at the start (day 0) and end of tests (day 14), filtered through a 0.45 microns syringe filter and acidified with 1% ultra-pure nitric acid. Measured concentrations at the start of tests were within 96% of nominal concentrations. In order to estimate exposure concentrations, the measured concentrations at days 0 and 14 were averaged. Tests were conducted in lidded plastic vials of varying sizes, depending on the size and number of individuals in the test. For both copepod species, there were 10 individuals per 50 mL in 70 mL vials; for P. macquariensis there were 8 individuals per 50 mL in 70 mL vials; and for O. ohlini, A. directa and G. trapesina, 10 individuals per 100 mL in 120 mL vials. Tests were conducted under a light-dark regime (at 2360 lux) of 18:6h light:dark in summer, 12:12 for tests for the rest of the year. Tests were kept in controlled temperature cabinets set at 6 degrees C, and temperatures within cabinets were monitored throughout the test using data loggers. Vials were checked daily and survival recorded on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14. Individuals were considered dead, and removed from test vials, when for G. trapesina adductor muscles no longer closed shell; O. ohlini were inactive and covered in mucous; P. macquariensis and A. directa tube feet were no longer moving; T. angulatus and Harpacticus sp. urosomes were perpendicular to prosomes. Data are provided in a series of excel workbooks; one workbook per test species.
The data describe all zooplankton species abundance values estimated at each rectangular midwater trawl (RMT 1+8) target and routine sampling site collected during the 2021 TEMPO voyage on R/V Investigator. During the TEMPO voyage, zooplankton were collected using the RMT 1+8 plankton net and sorted down to the lowest taxonomic level possible. The supporting data set, in CSV format, feature abundances estimated from RMT+1 samples only. The data file is named allzooplankton.csv. The fields (columns) in the file are: "Site" – sampling site ID for each routine (RXX) and target (TXX) trawl using RMT1+8. "Date" – date of each sample collected (ie. target or routine trawl) [dd/mm/yyyy]. "Latitude" – latitude of each trawl [degrees] (-dd.ddddd). "Longitude" – longitude of each trawl [degrees] (dd.ddddd). "Chla" – Integrated estimate of chlorophyll-a (mg m^-2) averaged at depths between 10 to 200 m, which aligns with the section of the water column where zooplankton were sampled. "Depth" – Bathymetric depth estimated at each sampling station. "MLD_03" – Mixed layer depth (m). Not used in final analysis. "MLD_05" – Mixed layer depth (m). Not used in final analysis. "MLD_N2max" – Mixed layer depth (m) where the N^2 maximum is found, i.e., the pycnocline. "CT_200" – Absolute temperature (°C) averaged at depths between surface and 200 m maximum net sampling depth. Values are derived from in situ CTD measurements at each sampling site. "SA_200" – Absolute salinity (g kg^-1) averaged at depths between surface and 200 m maximum net sampling depth. Values are derived from in situ CTD measurements at each sampling site. "IceMeltDays" – Number of days since sea ice melted calculated from daily passive microwave estimated percent sea ice concentration taken from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre. "m_to_Ice" – Distance (m) estimated from sampling site to edge of ice. "IceConc" – Actual ice concentration value (%). It is the percentage of an area covered in sea ice. The remaining columns are zooplankton species abundances (individuals per 1000 cubic metres) estimated from count data, volume of original sample, split of sample analysed under the microscope and calibration of the flowmeter: "R.gigas" – Rhincalanus gigas, copepod "C.propinquus" – Calanus propinquus, copepod "C.simillimus" – Calanus simillimus, copepod "C.acutus" – Calanoides acutus, copepod "Metridia sp." – Metridia species, copepod "M.gerlachei" – Metridia gerlachei, copepod "Paraeuchaeta sp." – Paraeuchaeta species, copepod "Pleuromamma sp." – Pleuromamma species, copepod "Oncaea" – Oncaea species, copepod "O.antarctica" – Oncaea antarctica, copepod "Neo tonsus" – Neocalanus tonsus, copepod "Neo gracilis" – Neocalanus gracilis, copepod "Stephos longipes" – Stephos longipes, copepod "Ctenocalanus sp." – Ctenocalanus species, copepod "Microcal pygmaeus" – Microcalanus pygmaeus, copepod "Oithona similis" – Oithona similis, copepod "Oithona frigida" – Oithona frigida, copepod "Heterhabdus australis" – Heterorhabdus australis, copepod "Heterhabdus sp." – Heterorhabdus species, copepod "Harpacticoid" – Harpacticoid species, copepod "Haloptilus sp." – Haloptilus species, copepod "Candacia sp." – Candacia species, copepod "Solecithricella sp." – Solecithricella species, copepod "Clausocalanus breviceps" – Clausocalanus breviceps, copepod "Clausocalanus laticeps" – Clausocalanus laticeps, copepod "Clausocalanus sp." – Clausocalanus species, copepod "Aetideops antarctica – Aetideopsis antarctica, copepod "Aetide minor" – Aetideopsis minro, copepod "Euchirella rostromanga" – Euchirella rostromanga, copepod "Heterostylites longicornis" – Heterostylites longicornis, copepod "Gaidius tenuispinus" – Gaidius tenuispinus, copepod "Gammaridean amphipod" – Gammaridean, amphipod "T.gaudichaudii" – Themisto gaudichaudii, amphipod "Parathemisto sp." – Parathemisto species, amphipod "Hyperia antarctica" – Hyperia antarctica, amphipod "Hyperia sp." – Hyperia species, amphipod "Hyperiella dilatata" – Hyperiella dilatata, amphipod "Hyperiella antarctica" – Hyperiella antarctica, amphipod "Hyperiella sp." – Hyperiella species, amphipod "Hyperiella macronyx" – Hyperiella macronyx, amphipod "Hyperiella dilatate" – Hyperiella dilatata, amphipod "Primno macropa" – Primno macropa, amphipod "Hyperoche medusarum" – Hyperoche medusarum, amphipod "E.crystallorophius" – Euphausia crystallorophius, krill "E.superba" – Euphausia superba, krill "T.macrura" – Thysanoessa macrura, krill "Krill (other)" – unidentified krill species "Decapod" – decapod species "L.h.antarctica" – Limacina helicina antarctica, pteropod "C.pyramidata" – Clio pyramidata, pteropod "Clione antarctica" – Clione antarctica, pteropod "S.australis" – Spongiobranchaea australis, pteropod "Gymnosome" – unidentified gymnosome species, pteropod "Ptero egg mass" – pteropod egg mass "Tiarrana rotunda" – Tiarrana rotunda, polychaete "Traviopsis/Typhloscoplex" – Traviopsis species or Typhloscoplex species, polychaete "Phalacrophorus pictus" – Phalacrophorus pictus, polychaete "Rhynchon brongraini" – Rhynchonerella brongraini, polychaete "Rhynchoneralla petersii" – Rhynchonerella petersii, polychaete "Rynchonerella sp." – Rhynchonerella species, polychaete "Vanadis sp." – Vanadis species, polychaete "Vanadis longissima" – Vanadis longissima, polychaete "Vanadis antarctica" – Vanadis antarctica, polychaete "Pelagobia longicerrata" – Pelagobia longicerrata, polychaete "Iopsilidae worm" – Iopsilidae species, polychaete "Polychaete" – unidentified polychaete worm "Furry worm" – unidentified "furry" polychaete worm "Larval worm" – unidentified "larval" polychaete worm "Tiny worm" – unidentified tiny-sized polychaete worm "Tomopteris septentrionalis" – Tomopteris septentrionalis, tomopteris "Tomopteris sp." – Tomopteris species, tomopteris "Phalacrophorus sp." – Phalacrophorus species, tomopteris "Isopod" – isopod worm "Tintinnids" – tintinnid species "Neogloboquadrina pachyderma" – Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, foraminifera "Siphonophore" – Siphonophore species "Appendicularian" – Appendicularian species "Ostracod" – unidentified ostracod species "Alacia hettacra" – Alacia hettacra, ostracod "Metaconchoecia skogsbergi" – Metaconchoecia skogsbergi, ostracod "Deeveyoecia arcuata" – Deeveyoecia arcuata, ostracod "Austrinoecia isocheira (less than 1mm)" – Austrinoecia isocheira ostracod, less than 1 mm in body size "Boroecoa antipoda" – Boroecoa antipoda, ostracod "Sagitta maxima" – Sagitta maxima, chaetognath "Sagitta serratodentata" – Sagitta serratodentata, chaetognath "Sagitta gazella" – Sagitta gazella, chaetognath "Sagitta marri" – Sagitta marri, chaetognath "Sagitta sp." – Sagitta species, chaetognath "Eukrohnia hamata" – Eukrohnia hamata, chaetognath "Unknwn chaetognath" – Unidentified species of chaeotognath "Fish egg" – fish egg "Larval fish" – unidentified species of larval fish "jelly nubby tentacles" – unidentified species of cnidarian (with "nubby" tentacles) "jelly w/no tentacles" – unidentified species of cnidarian (with no tentacles) "jelly" – unidentified species of cnidarian "TOTALS" – tally of total abundances across each row (total abundances across all zooplankton species for each sampling site)
Project Title: Survey of benthic and other marine invertebrates of the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica. Investigators: Dr W. Zeidler and Mrs K.L. Gowlett-Holmes, South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Project Aims: To collect marine invertebrate specimens from the bycatch of pelagic and marine trawls conducted by ANARE personnel. Results: A variety of marine invertebrates were collected from pelagic and benthic trawls, and incidentally by other means as follows:- 1) IYGPT net - 88 samples from 39 sites. Fauna consisted mainly of amphipods (see link below), medusae, pteropod molluscs, copepods and euphasids, with ostracods, mysids and carid prawns being less common. 2) Benthic trawls - 22 samples from 21 sites. Fauna consisted mainly of glass sponges, medusae, corals, echinoderms, anenomes and ascidians. 3) RMT net - 5 samples from 5 sites. A few polychaetes and amphipods. 4) From fish (from 1 and 2) - several species of parasitic copepods and leaches. 5) Drift net - site 29. Several pelagic polychaetes, amphipods and chaetognaths. 6) Mud grab - site 32. Several bryozoans and ophiuroids. 7) CTD winch wire - site 28. Several sea pens and ophiuroids. Most marine invertebrates were collected from the benthic trawls, often in large numbers. Frequently the best and greatest variety of specimens were caught in the wings of the net, and the co-operation of the crew in collecting these specimens is greatly appreciated. Several organisms, such as glass sponges, ascidians, sea pens, and echinoderms, were dominant in most trawls, with other groups present in varying quantities. Subtle changes in the fauna were noted in relation to the depth and geographic location of stations, but no pattern can be determined until the material collected is properly curated and identified. However, bottom trawls from shallower depths tended to be dominated by sponges, crinoids and ascidians. Comments on the fauna collected are as follows:- Sponges - about 3 or 4 glass sponges dominated most benthic trawls. Other species of sponges were less common. A large yellow species, which was common at Heard Island, was only collected on two occasions. Medusae - sometimes numerous, but usually too damaged for identification. Corals - one species of octocoral was very common in most trawls, as was a large species of sea pen. Soft corals and scleractinian corals were very rare. Bryozoans - relatively rare, although they appear to be common on rocks that came up in the net. Annelids - several polychaetes were found associated with sponges and octocorals. One large polynoid (scale worm), similar to the common Heard Island species, was present in small numbers in most benthic trawls. Two species of leach were found parasitic on icefish (mainly Chionodraco spp.), and a third species was found on skates (Bathyraja sp.). Spinunculans and Echiurans - present in most bottom trawls, but never very numerous. A good collection was obtained, and will be of special interest to Dr Stan Edmonds, who is an honourary researcher at the South Australian Museum. Echinoderms - starfish generally were common in most bottom trawls, as were holothurians. Crinoids were more common in bottom trawls from shallower depths. Echinoids were never numerous, but were present in most bottom trawls. One specimen, a stalked crinoid, is of special interest. Pycnogonoids - relatively common in most bottom trawls. A good collection of several species was obtained, and will hopefully form the basis of a research project. Molluscs (excluding cephalopods) - these were relatively rare, but several species of interest were obtained, mainly opisthobranchs, bivalves and chitons. Crustaceans - relatively rare except for pelagic amphipods (IGYPT trawls). Ascidians - common in most bottom trawls, dominated by 2-3 species. Others - several other animal groups were represented in the trawls, but they were rarely numerous, and often only occurred in a few trawls, e.g. nemerteans, hydroids, brachiopods etc. Concluding remarks: The aims of the project were achieved within the limits of the gear available, and no problems with gear, other than torn nets, were encountered. The variety of marine invertebrates collected was naturally limited by the gear used, and if future benthic surveys are envisaged then I would recommend the use of beam trawls and dredges to collect the smaller organisms. The benthic fauna of Prydz Bay is much more diverse and abundant than that found at Heard Island (Voyage 7.2 1990). The specimens collected will be curated and housed in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, where they will be studied by resident curators and specialists interstate and overseas. A brief analysis of the specimens collected indicates that several may be of species new to science, and it is expected that several research papers will result once the specimens have been studied in detail. Ultimately, the material collected will form the basis of a reference collection for future research. The fields in this dataset are: notes site suborder family species numbers
Data consists of records of two species of earthworms from 70 sites on Macquarie Island collected and identified by Dr R. Blakemore. The species are: Family ACANTHODRILIDAE . Genus MICROSCOLEX ROSS, 1887 Species Microscolex macquariensis (Beddard, 1896) Family LUMBRICIDAE Genus DENDRODRILUS Omodeo, 1956 Species Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1826) F. subrubicundus Eisen, 1874 The material is deposited in the Queen Victoria Museum. There are no publications from this project at this date. Furthermore, two flat worm were collected for the first time on this project. Collection details: summer 97/98. Lusitania Creek, collected Dr R. Blakemore. Identified L. Winsor. Species: 1. Arthurdenyus n. sp. 2. New genus new species. Material of these two species is deposited with Leigh Winsor, School of Tropical Biology, c/- Central Services Office, James University, Townsville, Qld 4810. An excel spreadsheet of sampling locations is available for download at the provided URL. The fields in this dataset are: Date Collector Location Notes
This project is very closely related to ASAC project 666 (ASAC_666). See that project for more details. A copy of the masters thesis arising from the project is attached to the record. Physical samples are stored at the University of Melbourne. Taken from the abstract of the attached thesis: Marine Plain covers an area of approximately 10 square kilometres, and is located 10 km southeast of Davis Station near the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. The sediments at Marine Plain are significantly older than other strata in the Vestfold Hills and unconformably overlie Precambrian gneiss. This thesis describes nine species of gastropods from five families and ten bivalves from eight families. Included within this study are descriptions of two new species of bivalve and one new bivalve genus; Ennucula sp. nov., Hiatellidae gen. nov. sp. nov. The gastropods include Parmophoridea cf. melvilli, Falsimargarita sp., Naticidae genus and species indeterminate A and Naticidae genus and species indeterminate B, Prolacuna sp., Taniella ? sp., Euspira sp., Chlanidota (Chlanidota) signeyana, and Trophon sp. Bivalves include Ennucula sp. nov., Neilo sp., Limopsis sp., LIssarca sp., "Chlamys" tuftensis, Austrochlamys anderssoni, Limatula (Antarctolima) cf. hodgsoni, Cyclocardia cf. asartoides, Hiatellidae gen. nov. sp. nov., and the Holocene aged Laternula elliptica. The molluscan assemblages at Marine Plain are found in two distinct horizons within the Sorsdal Formation. The only species common to both units is the bivalve "Chlamys" tuftensis. The Early Pliocene age of the sediments at Marine Plain is based on the presence "Chlamys" tuftensis in the sediments and diatom biostratigraphy. The highly lithified upper band of the Sorsdal Formation, the Graveyard Sandstone Member, is 30-50 centimetres thick. The fauna in the Graveyard Sandstsone Member is better preserved than that in the lower diamictite unit, with better shell preservation and larger numbers of articulated valves. Bivalves from five genera make up the total macrofossils present in the unit. The lower unit is diatomaceous sandstone, 1.4 metres thick. This unit has a high diversity of macrofossils, including archaeogastropods (and burrowing trails), echinoids, serpulid worms, algae and bryozoa (both sheet and stick). The Pliocene aged sediments at Marine Plain were deposited in a soft bottom, shallow marine environment. The ice cover in Antarctica was probably significantly reduced compared to present and the sea water temperature was possibly warmer. The molluscs however offer little evidence of this. The molluscs are a combination of both epifaunal and infaunal forms with varied modes of feeding including suspension and filter feeders and some gastropod carnivores. To date Marine Plain has yielded the best preserved and most diverse, available Pliocene fossils in Antarctica. Present day shelly marine communities in the vicinity of Davis station mainly consist of one species of Laternula, echinoids and pectinids, with ice rafted diatoms. The analysis of the Pliocene invertebrate fauna at Marine Plain provides a rare insight into the evolution of modern Antarctic marine communities and the Pliocene global warming debate. However, limited outcrop exposure, poor preservation and often severe distortion due to compaction hamper the utility of the macrofossils at Marine Plain.
2018-08-10 - these data have been superseded by a new metadata record and dataset - see the provided URL for more details. This record describes a compilation of trophic data from across the Southern Ocean. Data have been drawn from published literature, existing trophic data collections, AADC data sets, and unpublished collections. The database comprises two principal tables. The first table relates to direct sampling methods of dietary assessment, including gut, scat, and bolus content analyses, stomach flushing, and observed feeding. The second table is a compilation of stable isotope values. Each record in these two tables includes details such as the location and date of sampling, predator size and mass, prey size and mass, and estimates of dietary importance. Names have been validated against the World Register of Marine Species (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The schemas of these tables are described below, and a list of the sources used to populate the tables is provided with the data. A range of manual and automated checks were used to ensure that the entered data were as accurate as possible. These included visual checking of transcribed values, checking of row or column sums against known totals, and checking for values outside of allowed ranges. Suspicious entries were re-checked against original source. Apparent errors that could not be resolved were marked as such in the QUALITY_FLAG column, with the reason in the NOTES column. Notes on names 'Sp.' indicates unidentified members of a genus (e.g. 'Pachyptila sp.'). For unidentified taxa at other taxonomic levels, the taxonomic name has been used (e.g. Amphipoda, Myctophidae, Decapoda). Uncertain species identifications (e.g. 'Notothenia rossii?' or 'Gymnoscopelus cf. piabilis') were assigned the genus name (e.g. 'Notothenia sp.'). Original names were retained in a separate column to allow future cross-checking. WoRMS identifiers (APHIA_ID numbers) were recorded with each matched taxon. Grouped prey data in the diet sample table need to be handled with a bit of care. Papers commonly report prey statistics aggregated over groups of prey - e.g. one might give the diet composition by individual cephalopod prey species, and then an overall record for all cephalopod prey. The prey_is_aggregate column identifies such records. This allows us to differentiate grouped data like this from unidentified prey items from a certain prey group - for example, an unidentifiable cephalopod record would be entered as Cephalopoda (the scientific name), with 0 in the prey_is_aggregate column. A record that groups together a number of cephalopod records, possibly including some unidentifiable cephalopods, would also be entered as Cephalopoda, but with a 1 in the prey_is_aggregate column. See the notes on prey_is_aggregate, below. Schema: Diet sample table - LINK_ID: The unique identifier of this record - SOURCE_ID: The reference number of the source of this data record. The list of references is provided with the database and also kept at: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/trophic/?tab=3 - LOCATION: The name of the location at which the data was collected. - WEST: The westernmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate western hemisphere longitudes) - EAST: The easternmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate western hemisphere longitudes) - SOUTH: The southernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate southern hemisphere latitudes) - NORTH: The northernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate southern hemisphere latitudes) - OBSERVATION_DATE_START: The start of the sampling period (UTC) - OBSERVATION_DATE_END: The end of the sampling period (UTC). If sampling was carried out over multiple seasons (e.g. during January of 2002 and January of 2003), these dates will indicate the first and last dates (as if the sampling was carried out from 1-Jan-2002 to 31-Jan-2003) - ALTITUDE_MIN: The minimum altitude of the sampling region, in metres (if applicable) - ALTITUDE_MAX: The maximum altitude of the sampling region, in metres (if applicable) - DEPTH_MIN: The shallowest depth of the sampling, in metres (if applicable) - DEPTH_MAX: The deepest depth of the sampling, in metres (if applicable) - PREDATOR_NAME_ORIGINAL: The name of the predator, as it appeared in the original source - PREDATOR_NAME: The scientific name of the predator (corrected, if necessary). - PREDATOR_COMMON_NAME: The common name of the predator (from the WoRMS taxonomic register) - PREDATOR_APHIA_ID: The numeric identifier of the predator in the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREDATOR_LIFE_STAGE: Life stage of the predator. e.g. 'adult', 'chick', 'larva'. Values 'C1'-'C3' refer to calyptopis larval stages of euphausiids. 'F1'-'F6' refer to furcilia larval stages of euphausiids. 'N1'-'N6' refer to nauplius stages of crustaceans. 'Copepodite 1'-'Copepodite 6' refer to developmental stages of copepodites - PREDATOR_BREEDING_STAGE: Stage of the breeding season of the predator, if applicable. e.g. 'brooding', 'chick rearing', 'nonbreeding', 'posthatching' - PREDATOR_SEX: Sex of the predator. 'male', 'female', 'both', or 'unknown' - PREDATOR_SAMPLE_COUNT: The number of predators for which data are given. If (say) 50 predators were caught but only 20 analysed, this column will contain 20. - PREDATOR_TOTAL_COUNT: The total number of predators sampled. If (say) 50 predators were caught but only 20 analysed, this column will contain 50. - PREDATOR_SAMPLE_COUNT: The identifier of this predator sample. PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID values are unique within a source (i.e. - SOURCE_ID, PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID pairs are globally unique). Rows with the same SOURCE_ID and PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID values relate to the same predator individual or population, and so can be combined (e.g. for prey diversity analyses). Subsamples are indicated by a decimal number S.nnn, where S is the parent PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID, and nnn (001-999) is the subsample number. Studies will often report detailed prey information for a large sample, and also report prey information for various subsamples of that sample (e.g. broken down by predator sex, or sampling season). - PREDATOR_SIZE_MIN: The minimum size of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_SIZE_MAX: The maximum size of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_SIZE_MEAN: The mean size of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_SIZE_SD: The standard deviation of the size of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_SIZE_UNITS: The units of size. Current values 'mm', 'cm', 'm' - PREDATOR_SIZE_NOTES: Notes on the predator size information, including a definition of what the size value represents (e.g. 'total length', 'standard length') - PREDATOR_MASS_MIN: The minimum mass of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_MASS_MAX: The maximum mass of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_MASS_MEAN: The mean mass of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_MASS_SD: The standard deviation of the mass of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_MASS_UNITS: The units of mass (e.g. 'g' or 'kg') - PREDATOR_MASS_NOTES: Notes on the predator mass information, including a definition of what the mass value represents (blank implies total body weight). Current values 'g', 'kg', 't' - PREY_NAME_ORIGINAL: The name of the prey item, as it appeared in the original source. - PREY_NAME: The scientific name of the prey item (corrected, if necessary). - PREY_COMMON_NAME: The common name of the prey item (from the WoRMS taxonomic register) - PREY_APHIA_ID: The numeric identifier of the prey in the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREY_IS_AGGREGATE: 'Y' indicates that this row is an aggregation of other rows in this data source. For example, a study might give a number of individual squid species records, and then an overall squid record that encompasses the individual records. Use the PREY_IS_AGGREGATE information to avoid double-counting during analyses. If there no entry in this column, it means that this information is not included anywhere else in the database and can be used freely when aggregating over taxonomic groups, for example - PREY_LIFE_STAGE: Life stage of the prey. e.g. 'adult', 'chick', 'larva' - PREY_SAMPLE_COUNT: The number of prey individuals from which size and mass measurements were made (note: NOT the total number of individuals of this prey type, unless all individuals in the sample were measured) - PREY_SIZE_MIN: The minimum size of the prey in the sample - PREY_SIZE_MAX: The maximum size of the prey in the sample - PREY_SIZE_MEAN: The mean size of the prey in the sample - PREY_SIZE_SD: The standard deviation of the size of the prey in the sample - PREY_SIZE_UNITS: The units of size. Current values 'mm', 'cm', 'm' - PREY_SIZE_NOTES: Notes on the prey size information, including a definition of what the size value represents (e.g. 'total length', 'standard length') - PREY_MASS_MIN: The minimum mass of the prey in the sample - PREY_MASS_MAX: The maximum mass of the prey in the sample - PREY_MASS_MEAN: The mean mass of the prey in the sample - PREY_MASS_SD: The standard deviation of the mass of the prey in the sample - PREY_MASS_UNITS: The units of mass. Current values 'mg', 'g', 'kg' - PREY_MASS_NOTES: Notes on the prey mass information, including a definition of what the mass value represents (blank implies total body weight) - FRACTION_DIET_BY_WEIGHT: The fraction (by weight) of the predator diet that this prey type made up (e.g. if Euphausia superba contributed 50% of the total mass of prey items, this value would be 0.5). Many papers represent very small dietary contributions as 'trace' or sometimes 'less than 0.1%'. These have been entered as -999 - FRACTION_DIET_BY_PREY_ITEMS: The fraction (by number) of prey items that this prey type made up (e.g. if 1000 Euphausia superba were found out of a total of 2000 prey items, this value would be 0.5). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as 'trace' or sometimes 'less than 0.1%'. These have been entered as -999 - FRACTION_OCCURRENCE: The number of times this prey item occurred in a predator sample, as a fraction of the number of non-empty samples (e.g. if Euphausia superba occurred in half of the non-empty stomachs examined, this value would be 0.5). Empty stomachs are ignored for the purposes of calculating fraction of occurrence. For gut content analyses (and any other study types where 'no prey' can occur in a sample), the fraction of empty stomachs is also given (using prey_name 'None' - e.g. if predator_total_count was 10 and 3 stomachs were empty, this will be 0.3). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as 'trace' or sometimes 'less than 0.1%'. These have been entered as -999 - QUALITATIVE_DIETARY_IMPORTANCE: Qualitative description of the dietary importance of this prey item (e.g. from comments about certain prey in the discussion text of an article), if numeric values have not been given. Current values are 'none', 'incidental', 'minor', 'major', 'almost exclusive', 'exclusive' - CONSUMPTION_RATE_MIN: The minimum consumption rate of this prey item - CONSUMPTION_RATE_MAX: The maximum consumption rate of this prey item - CONSUMPTION_RATE_MEAN: The mean consumption rate of this prey item - CONSUMPTION_RATE_SD: The standard deviation of the consumption rate of this prey item - CONSUMPTION_RATE_UNITS: The units of consumption rate (e.g. 'kg/day') - CONSUMPTION_RATE_NOTES: Notes about the consumption rate estimates - IDENTIFICATION_METHOD: How this dietary information was gathered. Multiple values can potentially be entered (separated by commas). Current values include 'scat content' (contents of scats), 'stomach flushing' (physical sampling of the stomach contents by flushing the contents out with water), 'stomach content' (physical sampling of the stomach contents from a dead animal), 'regurgitate content' (physical sampling of the contents of forced or spontaneous regurgitations), 'observed predation', 'bolus content' (physical sampling of the contents of boluses), 'nest detritus', 'unknown' - QUALITY_FLAG: An indicator of the quality of this record. 'Q' indicates that the data are known to be questionable for some reason. The reason should be in the notes column. 'G' indicates good data - IS_SECONDARY_DATA: An indicator of whether this record was entered from its primary source, or from a secondary citation. 'Y' here indicates that the data actually came from another paper and were being reported in this paper as secondary data. Secondary data records are likely to be removed at a later date and replaced with information from the original source. - NOTES: Any other notes - LAST_MODIFIED: The date of last modification of this record Schema: Isotope data table - RECORD_ID: The unique identifier of this record - SOURCE_ID: The reference number of the source of this data record. The list of references is provided with the database and also kept at: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/trophic/?tab=3 - LOCATION: The name of the location at which the data was collected. - WEST: The westernmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate western hemisphere longitudes) - EAST: The easternmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate western hemisphere longitudes) - SOUTH: The southernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate southern hemisphere latitudes) - NORTH: The northernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values indicate southern hemisphere latitudes) - OBSERVATION_DATE_START: The start of the sampling period (UTC) - OBSERVATION_DATE_END: The end of the sampling period (UTC). If sampling was carried out over multiple seasons (e.g. during January of 2002 and January of 2003), these dates will indicate the first and last dates (as if the sampling was carried out from 1-Jan-2002 to 31-Jan-2003) - ALTITUDE_MIN: The minimum altitude of the sampling region, in metres (if applicable) - ALTITUDE_MAX: The maximum altitude of the sampling region, in metres (if applicable) - DEPTH_MIN: The shallowest depth of the sampling, in metres (if applicable) - DEPTH_MAX: The deepest depth of the sampling, in metres (if applicable) - TAXON_NAME_ORIGINAL: The name of the taxon, as it appeared in the original source. - TAXON_NAME: The scientific name of the taxon (corrected, if necessary). - TAXON_COMMON_NAME: The common name of the taxon (from the WoRMS taxonomic register) - TAXON_APHIA_ID: The numeric identifier of the taxon in the WoRMS taxonomic register - TAXON_LIFE_STAGE: Life stage of the taxon. e.g. 'adult', 'chick', 'larva'. Values 'C1'-'C3' refer to calyptopis larval stages of euphausiids. 'F1'-'F6' refer to furcilia larval stages of euphausiids. 'N1'-'N6' refer to nauplius stages of crustaceans. 'Copepodite 1'-'Copepodite 6' refer to developmental stages of copepodites - TAXON_BREEDING_STAGE: Stage of the breeding season of the taxon, if applicable. e.g. 'lactating', 'weaning', 'chick rearing' - TAXON_SEX: Sex of the taxon. 'male', 'female', 'both', or 'unknown' - TAXON_SAMPLE_COUNT: The number of samples from which size and stable isotope measurements were made - TAXON_SIZE_MIN: The minimum size of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_SIZE_MAX: The maximum size of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_SIZE_MEAN: The mean size of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_SIZE_SD: The standard deviation of the size of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_SIZE_UNITS: The units of size. Current values 'mm', 'm' - TAXON_SIZE_NOTES: Notes on the size information, including a definition of what the size value represents (e.g. 'total length', 'standard length') - TAXON_MASS_MIN: The minimum mass of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_MASS_MAX: The maximum mass of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_MASS_MEAN: The mean mass of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_MASS_SD: The standard deviation of the mass of the individuals in the sample - TAXON_MASS_UNITS: The units of mass. e.g. 'g', 'kg' - TAXON_MASS_NOTES: Notes on the taxon mass information, including a definition of what the mass value represents (blank implies total body weight) - DELTA_13C_MEAN: The mean of the d13C values from the sample (permil;) - DELTA_13C_VARIABILITY_VALUE: The variability of the d13C values from the sample - DELTA_13C_VARIABILITY_TYPE: The variability type that the DELTA_13C_VARIABILITY_VALUE represents (currently 'SD' standard deviation, or 'SE' standard error) - DELTA_15N_MEAN: The mean of the d15N values from the sample (permil;) - DELTA_15N_VARIABILITY_VALUE: The variability of the d15N values from the sample - DELTA_15N_VARIABILITY_TYPE: The variability type that the DELTA_15N_VARIABILITY_VALUE represents (currently 'SD' standard deviation, or 'SE' standard error) - C_N_RATIO_MEAN: The mean of the C:N ratio values from the sample, expressed as a molar percentage - C_N_RATIO_VARIABILITY_VALUE: The variability of the C:N ratio values from the sample - C_N_RATIO_VARIABILITY_TYPE: The variability type that the C_N_RATIO_VARIABILITY_VALUE represents (currently 'SD' standard deviation, or 'SE' standard error) - ISOTOPES_CARBONATES_EXTRACTED: Were carbonates extracted from the samples prior to isotope analyses? 'Y', 'N', or 'U' (unknown) - ISOTOPES_LIPIDS_EXTRACTED: Were lipids extracted from the samples prior to isotope analyses? 'Y', 'N', or 'U' (unknown) - ISOTOPES_BODY_PART_USED: Which part of the organism was sampled? - QUALITY_FLAG: An indicator of the quality of this record. 'Q' indicates that the data are known to be questionable for some reason. The reason should be in the notes column. 'G' indicates good data - IS_SECONDARY_DATA: An indicator of whether this record was entered from its primary source, or from a secondary citation. 'Y' here indicates that the data actually came from another paper and were being reported in this paper as secondary data. Secondary data records are likely to be removed at a later date and replaced with information from the original source. - NOTES: Any other notes - LAST_MODIFIED: The date of last modification of this record
Information related to diet and energy flow is fundamental to a diverse range of Antarctic and Southern Ocean biological and ecosystem studies. This metadata record describes a database of such information being collated by the SCAR Expert Groups on Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics (EG-ABI) and Birds and Marine Mammals (EG-BAMM) to assist the scientific community in this work. It includes data related to diet and energy flow from conventional (e.g. gut content) and modern (e.g. molecular) studies, stable isotopes, fatty acids, and energetic content. It is a product of the SCAR community and open for all to participate in and use. Data have been drawn from published literature, existing trophic data collections, and unpublished data. The database comprises five principal tables, relating to (i) direct sampling methods of dietary assessment (e.g. gut, scat, and bolus content analyses, stomach flushing, and observed predation), (ii) stable isotopes, (iii) lipids, (iv) DNA-based diet assessment, and (v) energetics values. The schemas of these tables are described below, and a list of the sources used to populate the tables is provided with the data. A range of manual and automated checks were used to ensure that the entered data were as accurate as possible. These included visual checking of transcribed values, checking of row or column sums against known totals, and checking for values outside of allowed ranges. Suspicious entries were re-checked against original source. Notes on names: Names have been validated against the World Register of Marine Species (http://www.marinespecies.org/). For uncertain taxa, the most specific taxonomic name has been used (e.g. prey reported in a study as "Pachyptila sp." will appear here as "Pachyptila"; "Cephalopods" will appear as "Cephalopoda"). Uncertain species identifications (e.g. "Notothenia rossii?" or "Gymnoscopelus cf. piabilis") have been assigned the genus name (e.g. "Notothenia", "Gymnoscopelus"). Original names have been retained in a separate column to allow future cross-checking. WoRMS identifiers (APHIA_ID numbers) are given where possible. Grouped prey data in the diet sample table need to be handled with a bit of care. Papers commonly report prey statistics aggregated over groups of prey - e.g. one might give the diet composition by individual cephalopod prey species, and then an overall record for all cephalopod prey. The PREY_IS_AGGREGATE column identifies such records. This allows us to differentiate grouped data like this from unidentified prey items from a certain prey group - for example, an unidentifiable cephalopod record would be entered as Cephalopoda (the scientific name), with "N" in the PREY_IS_AGGREGATE column. A record that groups together a number of cephalopod records, possibly including some unidentifiable cephalopods, would also be entered as Cephalopoda, but with "Y" in the PREY_IS_AGGREGATE column. See the notes on PREY_IS_AGGREGATE, below. There are two related R packages that provide data access and functionality for working with these data. See the package home pages for more information: https://github.com/SCAR/sohungry and https://github.com/SCAR/solong. Data table schemas Sources data table - SOURCE_ID: The unique identifier of this source - DETAILS: The bibliographic details for this source (e.g. "Hindell M (1988) The diet of the royal penguin Eudyptes schlegeli at Macquarie Island. Emu 88:219–226") - NOTES: Relevant notes about this source – if it’s a published paper, this is probably the abstract - DOI: The DOI of the source (paper or dataset), in the form "10.xxxx/yyyy" Diet data table - RECORD_ID: The unique identifier of this record - SOURCE_ID: The identifier of the source study from which this record was obtained (see corresponding entry in the sources data table) - SOURCE_DETAILS, SOURCE_DOI: The details and DOI of the source, copied from the sources data table for convenience - ORIGINAL_RECORD_ID: The identifier of this data record in its original source, if it had one - LOCATION: The name of the location at which the data was collected - WEST: The westernmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values for western hemisphere longitudes) - EAST: The easternmost longitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values for western hemisphere longitudes) - SOUTH: The southernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values for southern hemisphere latitudes) - NORTH: The northernmost latitude of the sampling region, in decimal degrees (negative values for southern hemisphere latitudes) - ALTITUDE_MIN: The minimum altitude of the sampling region, in metres - ALTITUDE_MAX: The maximum altitude of the sampling region, in metres - DEPTH_MIN: The shallowest depth of the sampling, in metres - DEPTH_MAX: The deepest depth of the sampling, in metres - OBSERVATION_DATE_START: The start of the sampling period - OBSERVATION_DATE_END: The end of the sampling period. If sampling was carried out over multiple seasons (e.g. during January of 2002 and January of 2003), this will be the first and last dates (in this example, from 1-Jan-2002 to 31-Jan-2003) - PREDATOR_NAME: The name of the predator. This may differ from predator_name_original if, for example, taxonomy has changed since the original publication, if the original publication had spelling errors or used common (not scientific) names - PREDATOR_NAME_ORIGINAL: The name of the predator, as it appeared in the original source - PREDATOR_APHIA_ID: The numeric identifier of the predator in the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREDATOR_WORMS_RANK, PREDATOR_WORMS_KINGDOM, PREDATOR_WORMS_PHYLUM, PREDATOR_WORMS_CLASS, PREDATOR_WORMS_ORDER, PREDATOR_WORMS_FAMILY, PREDATOR_WORMS_GENUS: The taxonomic details of the predator, from the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREDATOR_GROUP_SOKI: A descriptive label of the group to which the predator belongs (currently used in the Southern Ocean Knowledge and Information wiki, http://soki.aq) - PREDATOR_LIFE_STAGE: Life stage of the predator, e.g. "adult", "chick", "larva", "juvenile". Note that if a food sample was taken from an adult animal, but that food was destined for a juvenile, then the life stage will be "juvenile" (this is common with seabirds feeding chicks) - PREDATOR_BREEDING_STAGE: Stage of the breeding season of the predator, if applicable, e.g. "brooding", "chick rearing", "nonbreeding", "posthatching" - PREDATOR_SEX: Sex of the predator: "male", "female", "both", or "unknown" - PREDATOR_SAMPLE_COUNT: The number of predators for which data are given. If (say) 50 predators were caught but only 20 analysed, this column will contain 20. For scat content studies, this will be the number of scats analysed - PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID: The identifier of the predator(s). If predators are being reported at the individual level (i.e. PREDATOR_SAMPLE_COUNT = 1) then PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID is the individual animal ID. Alternatively, if the data values being entered here are from a group of predators, then the PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID identifies that group of predators. PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID values are unique within a source (i.e. SOURCE_ID, PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID pairs are globally unique). Rows with the same SOURCE_ID and PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID values relate to the same predator individual or group of individuals, and so can be combined (e.g. for prey diversity analyses). Subsamples are indicated by a decimal number S.nnn, where S is the parent PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID, and nnn (001-999) is the subsample number. Studies will sometimes report detailed prey information for a large sample, but then report prey information for various subsamples of that sample (e.g. broken down by predator sex, or sampling season). In the simplest case, the diet of each predator will be reported only once in the study, and in this scenario the PREDATOR_SAMPLE_ID values will simply be 1 to N (for N predators). - PREDATOR_SIZE_MIN, PREDATOR_SIZE_MAX, PREDATOR_SIZE_MEAN, PREDATOR_SIZE_SD: The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the size of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_SIZE_UNITS: The units of size (e.g. "mm") - PREDATOR_SIZE_NOTES: Notes on the predator size information, including a definition of what the size value represents (e.g. "total length", "standard length") - PREDATOR_MASS_MIN, PREDATOR_MASS_MAX, PREDATOR_MASS_MEAN, PREDATOR_MASS_SD: The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the mass of the predators in the sample - PREDATOR_MASS_UNITS: The units of mass (e.g. "g", "kg") - PREDATOR_MASS_NOTES: Notes on the predator mass information, including a definition of what the mass value represents - PREY_NAME: The scientific name of the prey item (corrected, if necessary) - PREY_NAME_ORIGINAL: The name of the prey item, as it appeared in the original source PREY_APHIA_ID: The numeric identifier of the prey in the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREY_WORMS_RANK, PREY_WORMS_KINGDOM, PREY_WORMS_PHYLUM, PREY_WORMS_CLASS, PREY_WORMS_ORDER, PREY_WORMS_FAMILY, PREY_WORMS_GENUS: The taxonomic details of the prey, from the WoRMS taxonomic register - PREY_GROUP_SOKI: A descriptive label of the group to which the prey belongs (currently used in the Southern Ocean Knowledge and Information wiki, http://soki.aq) - PREY_IS_AGGREGATE: "Y" indicates that this row is an aggregation of other rows in this data source. For example, a study might give a number of individual squid species records, and then an overall squid record that encompasses the individual records. Use the PREY_IS_AGGREGATE information to avoid double-counting during analyses - PREY_LIFE_STAGE: Life stage of the prey (e.g. "adult", "chick", "larva") - PREY_SEX: The sex of the prey ("male", "female", "both", or "unknown"). Note that this is generally "unknown" - PREY_SAMPLE_COUNT: The number of prey individuals from which size and mass measurements were made (note: this is NOT the total number of individuals of this prey type, unless all individuals in the sample were measured) - PREY_SIZE_MIN, PREY_SIZE_MAX, PREY_SIZE_MEAN, PREY_SIZE_SD: The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the size of the prey in the sample - PREY_SIZE_UNITS: The units of size (e.g. "mm", "cm", "m") - PREY_SIZE_NOTES: Notes on the prey size information, including a definition of what the size value represents (e.g. "total length", "standard length") - PREY_MASS_MIN, PREY_MASS_MAX, PREY_MASS_MEAN, PREY_MASS_SD: The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the mass of the prey in the sample - PREY_MASS_UNITS: The units of mass (e.g. "mg", "g", "kg") - PREY_MASS_NOTES: Notes on the prey mass information, including a definition of what the mass value represents - FRACTION_DIET_BY_WEIGHT: The fraction by weight of the predator diet that this prey type made up (e.g. if Euphausia superba contributed 50% of the total mass of prey items, this value would be 0.5). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as "trace" or sometimes "less than 0.1%". These have been entered as -999 - FRACTION_DIET_BY_PREY_ITEMS: The fraction (by number) of prey items that this prey type made up (e.g. if 1000 Euphausia superba were found out of a total of 2000 prey items, this value would be 0.5). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as "trace" or sometimes "less than 0.1%". These have been entered as -999 - FRACTION_OCCURRENCE: The number of times this prey item occurred in a predator sample, as a fraction of the number of non-empty samples (e.g. if Euphausia superba occurred in half of the non-empty stomachs examined, this value would be 0.5). Empty stomachs are ignored for the purposes of calculating fraction of occurrence. - FRACTION_OCCURRENCE: The number of times this prey item occurred in a predator sample, as a fraction of the number of non-empty samples (e.g. if Euphausia superba occurred in half of the non-empty stomachs examined, this value would be 0.5). Empty stomachs are ignored for the purposes of calculating fraction of occurrence. For gut content analyses (and any other study types where "no prey" can occur in a sample), the fraction of empty stomachs may also be reported, using prey_name "None". Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as "trace" or sometimes "less than 0.1%". These have been entered as -999 - PREY_ITEMS_INCLUDED: Which prey items were examined? For example, if the data came from a stomach contents study and all stomach contents were counted, this will be "all". Conversely, if only upper squid beaks were counted, this will be "upper beaks" - ACCUMULATED_HARD_PARTS_TREATMENT: Only applicable to methods where hard diet remains can accumulate over time (e.g. stomach content of seabirds). How were accumulated hard parts dealt with? Some stomach content studies try to avoid over-estimation of hard parts by discarding anything other than fresh hard parts. Current values here are "included", "excluded", and "unknown" - QUALITATIVE_DIETARY_IMPORTANCE: A qualitative description of the dietary importance of this prey item (e.g. from comments about certain prey in the discussion text of an article), if numeric values have not been given. Current values are "none", "incidental", "minor", "major", "almost exclusive", "exclusive" - CONSUMPTION_RATE_MIN, CONSUMPTION_RATE_MAX, CONSUMPTION_RATE_MEAN, CONSUMPTION_RATE_SD: The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the consumption rate of this prey item - CONSUMPTION_RATE_UNITS: The units of consumption rate (e.g. "kg/day") - CONSUMPTION_RATE_NOTES: Notes about the consumption rate estimates - IDENTIFICATION_METHOD: How this dietary information was gathered. A single study may have used multiple methods, in which case the IDENTIFICATION_METHOD may contain multiple values (separated by commas). Current values include "scat content" (contents of scats), "stomach flushing" (physical sampling of the stomach contents by flushing the contents out with water), "stomach content" (physical sampling of the stomach contents from a dead animal), "regurgitate content" (physical sampling of the contents of forced or spontaneous regurgitations), "observed predation", "bolus content" (physical sampling of the contents of boluses), "nest detritus", "gut pigment", "unknown" - QUALITY_FLAG: An indicator of the quality of this record. "Q" indicates that the data are known to be questionable for some reason. The reason should be in the notes column. "G" indicates good data - IS_SECONDARY_DATA: An indicator of whether this record was entered from its primary source, or from a secondary citation. "Y" here indicates that the data actually came from another paper and were being reported in this paper as secondary data. Secondary data records are likely to be removed at a later date and replaced with information from the original source - NOTES: Any other notes - LAST_MODIFIED: The date of last modification of this record Isotopes data table (Columns that are already described in the "Diet" schema above are not included here) - TAXON_*: As for "PREDATOR_*" in the diet data table - TAXON_SAMPLE_ID: The identifier of the animal(s). If animals are being reported at the individual level (i.e. TAXON_SAMPLE_COUNT = 1) then TAXON_SAMPLE_ID is the individual animal ID. Alternatively, if the data values being entered here are from a group of animals, then the TAXON_SAMPLE_ID identifies that group of animals. TAXON_SAMPLE_ID values are unique within a source. Rows with the same SOURCE_ID and TAXON_SAMPLE_ID values relate to the same individual(s), but may represent different processing methods, different physical samples (see PHYSICAL_SAMPLE_ID) or different analytical replicates (see ANALYTICAL_REPLICATE_ID). In the simplest case, the isotopes of each animal will be reported at the individual-animal level and based on only one processing method, and in this scenario the TAXON_SAMPLE_ID values will simply be 1 to N (for N individual animals) - PHYSICAL_SAMPLE_ID: Where multiple samples were taken from one individual animal, this column will identify the samples. This will be blank kif only one physical sample was taken from each TAXON_SAMPLE_ID, or if the results were aggregated for reporting - ANALYTICAL_REPLICATE_ID: Where the lab analysis was replicated on each physical sample (i.e. multiple sub-samples of each sample were run through the machine), this column will identify the replicates. This column will be blank if the lab analysis for each PHYSICAL_SAMPLE_ID was not replicated, or if the results were aggregated for reporting - ANALYTICAL_REPLICATE_COUNT: If lab analyses were replicated but the data here represent the aggregated results over the replicates, this column will indicate the number of replicates. The ANALYTICAL_REPLICATE_ID column in this case will be blank, because the data pertain to multiple replicates - SAMPLES_WERE_POOLED: If "Y", multiple physical samples were pooled for analysis (likely because of a minimum required volume or mass of matter for the analytical process) - MEASUREMENT_NAME: the name of the quantity being reported ("delta_15N", "C:N mass ratio", "standard length", "wet weight") - MEASUREMENT_MIN_VALUE, MEASUREMENT_MAX_VALUE, MEASUREMENT_MEAN_VALUE, MEASUREMENT_VARIABILITY_VALUE: The minimum, maximum, mean, and variability of the measured values - MEASUREMENT_VARIABILITY_TYPE: the type of variability reported ("SD", "SE") - MEASUREMENT_UNITS: the units of measurement ("per mil", "mm", "mg") - MEASUREMENT_METHOD: a description of the measurement method - ISOTOPES_CARBONATES_TREATMENT: How were carbonates treated in the sample processing? Currently "acidification" (acid used to remove carbonates from samples), "none" (no carbonate treatment), or "unknown" - ISOTOPES_LIPIDS_TREATMENT: How were lipids treated in the sample processing? Currently either "chemical delipidation" (where lipids were removed chemically), "mathematical correction" (where a mathematical model was used to correct for the effects of lipids), "none" (for no lipid treatment), or "unknown" - ISOTOPES_PRETREATMENT: Any other pretreatment (free text) - ISOTOPES_ARE_ADJUSTED: "Y" here indicates that the isotope values have been adjusted in some way not already described in the other columns (e.g. values derived from blood samples might be adjusted to make them comparable to tissue sample values) - ISOTOPES_ADJUSTMENT_NOTES: if ISOTOPES_ARE_ADJUSTED, notes on the adjustment applied (e.g. "Adjusted values are corrected to represent muscle tissue") - ISOTOPES_BODY_PART_USED: Which part of the organism was sampled? Lipids data table (Columns that are already described in the "Diet" or "Isotopes" schemas above are not included here) - MEASUREMENT_NAME: the name of the quantity being reported ("lipid content", "monounsaturated fatty alcohol content", "18:1n-7 content", "wet weight") - MEASUREMENT_CLASS: where the measurement could apply to e.g. either fatty acids or fatty alcohols, this column is used to clarify (e.g. "fatty acid", "fatty alcohol", "triacylglycerol fatty acid", "wax ester fatty acid") Energetics data table All of the columns in this data table have been described in the schemas above. DNA diet data table (Columns that are already described in the schemas above are not included here) - SEQUENCES_TOTAL: The total sequence count for this predator sample - DNA_CONCENTRATION: Sample DNA concentration if recorded, in nM/µl - FRACTION_SEQUENCES_BY_PREY: The fraction of SEQUENCES_TOTAL that this prey type made up (e.g. if Euphausia superba contributed 50% of the total sequences of prey items, this value would be 0.5). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as "trace" or sometimes "less than 0.1%". These have been entered as -999 - FRACTION_OCCURRENCE: The fraction of predator samples in which this prey item occurred (e.g. if Euphausia superba occurred in half of the scats collected, this value would be 0.5). Note: many papers represent very small dietary contributions as "trace" or sometimes "less than 0.1%". These have been entered as -999 - SAMPLE_TYPE: Sample type that the DNA was extracted from, e.g. "scat", "stomach content" - DNA_EXTRACTION_METHOD: The method used to extract DNA (e.g. "DNA stool kit", "Maxwell robot", "salting out procedure") - ANALYSIS_TYPE: e.g. "High-throughput sequencing", "cloning", "PCR amplification only" - SEQUENCING_PLATFORM: e.g. "Ion torrent", "Miseq" - TARGET_GENE: The gene area targeted, e.g. "16S", "12S", "18S", "CO1" - TARGET_FOOD_GROUP: For the 18S region, this might be "all eukaryotes"; for 16S or 12S, this might be "fish" or "vertebrates" - FORWARD_PRIMER: The sequence of the forward primer used, in the 5'-to-3' direction - REVERSE_PRIMER: The sequence of the reverse primer used, in the 5'-to-3' direction - BLOCKING_PRIMER: The sequence of the blocking primer if used, in the 5'-to-3' direction - PRIMER_SOURCE_ID: The ID of the paper reference for where the primer was first designed. This reference will likely include the PCR conditions, annealing temperature and alignment of the primers - PRIMER_SOURCE_DETAILS, PRIMER_SOURCE_DOI: The details and DOI of the PRIMER_SOURCE_ID, copied from the sources data table for convenience - SEQUENCE_SOURCE_ID: The database that contains the sequence data, e.g. "Dryad", "GenBank" - SEQUENCE_SOURCE_DETAILS, SEQUENCE_SOURCE_DOI: The details and DOI of the SEQUENCE_SOURCE_ID, copied from the sources data table for convenience - SEQUENCE: DNA sequence for OTU or OTU cluster - OTHER_METHODS_APPLIED: Were there any other methods applied to the sample to either improve amplification or block sequences?