State of Environment

Indicator 2 - Highest monthly air temperatures at Australian Antarctic Stations

Index - Description | Data | Custodian evaluation | Related resources | Parameters

Penguins at sunset. Macquarie Island (AAD Photo 1115/ B3) by Christo Baars, 1995

Indicator Definition

Monthly highest temperatures obtained from observed daily maximum temperatures
for Australian Antarctic stations Casey, Davis, Mawson and Macquarie Island.

Responsible
Organisation

Bureau of Meteorology, Department of the Environment and Heritage (details)

Custodians

IAN BARNES-KEOGAHN I.Barnes-Keogahn@bom.gov.au	INVESTIGATOR	Climate and Consultancy Section GPO Box 727 Bureau of Meteorology Tasmania and Antarctica Regional Office Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia Ph +61 3 6221 2043
CLIMATE SERVICES climate.tas@bom.gov.au	TECHNICAL CONTACT	Climate and Consultancy Section GPO Box 727 Bureau of Meteorology Tasmania and Antarctica Regional Office Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia Ph +61 3 6221 2043
REGIONAL OBSERVATIONS SECTION climate.tas@bom.gov.au	TECHNICAL CONTACT	Regional Observations Section GPO Box 727 Bureau of Meteorology Tasmania and Antarctica Regional Office Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia Ph +61 3 6221 2071

Theme Area

Atmosphere

Indicator Type

Condition

Criteria the
Indicator Satisfies

The following 11 out of 15 criteria

1.	Serve as a robust indicator of environmental change
2.	Reflect a fundamental or highly-valued aspect of the environment or an important environmental issue
3.	Be either national in scope or applicable to regional environmental issues of national significance
4.	Provide an early warning of potential problems
5.	Be capable of being monitored to provide statistically verifiable and reproducible data that shows trends over time and, preferably, apply to a broad range of environmental regions
6.	Be scientifically credible
7.	Be easy to understand
8.	Be monitored with relative ease
9.	Be cost-effective
13.	Contribute to the fulfillment of reporting obligations under international agreements
15.	Where possible and appropriate, be consistent and comparable with other countries’ and state and territory indicators

For details of indicators, see the State of Environment Bibliography entries 16336 and 16337

Date Input

Monthly measurements

Monitoring Location

Mawson (details) Davis (details) Macquarie Island (details) Casey (details)

Geographic Coverage is

Rationale For Indicator Selection

Global climate models show warming in response to increased greenhouse gas
(carbon dioxide, methane etc) concentrations in the atmosphere; this is called
the "enhanced greenhouse effect". Because of this, there is interest in
observations of temperature across the globe, including Antarctica. Extensive
high-quality observations from fixed locations are essential to serve as
direct indicators of temperature changes and also confirm climate model
output.

Design and Strategy For Indicator Monitoring Program

Spatial Scale: Australian Antarctic stations: Casey (lat 66¿ 16' 54.5" S,
long 110¿ 31' 39.4" E), Davis (lat 68¿ 34' 35.8" S, long 77¿ 58' 02.6" E),
Mawson (lat 67¿ 36' 09.7" S, long 62¿ 52' 25.7" E) and Macquarie Island
(lat 54¿ 37' 59.9" S, long 158¿ 52' 59.9" E).

Temporal scale: Monthly.

Measurement Technique: Thermometry.

Research Issues

There is need to develop a high-quality data set from the available data,
correcting erroneous data and estimating missing data. Adjustment may be
necessary for changes in site location or exposure, and for changes in
instrumentation or observing practices.

Some of these changes are documented in the station history files held by the
Regional Observations Section. These history files are currently held as paper
records, although more recent information is held electronically and there is
an effort to digitise the older records.

Before the data can be used for the detection of change, a concerted effort
will need to be made to identify deficiencies in the data, and then make
compensations where possible. This is made more difficult by the lack of
suitable comparison sites.

Data

Timespan: April-1948 to October-2009.
Number of data points: 4730.

To view or download any of the data, you must be logged into the Data Centre Portal. If you return to this indicator, you will find a Search Data link that will allow you to view or extract the data for this indicator.

Casey: Air Temperature

Casey: Air Temperature Anomaly

Davis: Air Temperature

Davis: Air Temperature Anomaly

Macquarie Island: Air Temperature

Macquarie Island: Air Temperature Anomaly

Mawson: Air Temperature

Mawson: Air Temperature Anomaly

Data Quality, Interpretation and
Analysis of Indicator Data

Highest monthly temperatures are obtained by taking the highest of the observed maximum temperatures for individual days of a given month. The daily maxima are currently derived from temperature sensors sampling at 1 second intervals. If less than 25 days are available in any month, the monthly figure is flagged and removed from the State of Environment dataset.

The monthly air temperature anomaly is calculated as the difference between the highest air temperature for a given month and the long-term mean highest air temperature for that calendar month between 1971 and 2000, so that:

Anomaly (for given month) = Value (for given month) - Long-term Mean (for relevant calendar month)

Although the Bureau of Meteorology uses the period from 1961 to 1990 as the standard period for calculation of long-term means, it was decided that for Antarctic stations, the 1971-2000 dataset was in most cases more complete, and would therefore provide a more accurate long-term mean.

These records require analysis for variability and trends. However, there are likely to be significant errors in the data, and these need to be addressed first (see Research Issues).

Data Usage Constraints

The copyright for any data are held by the Commonwealth of Australia.
The user shall give acknowledgement of the source in reference to the data.
Apart from dealings under the copyright Act, 1968, the user shall not reproduce, modify or supply (by sale or otherwise) these data without written permission.

While every effort is made to supply the best data available this may not be possible in all cases. No warranty is given, nor any liability accepted in relation to the information given, except that liability (if any), that is required by law.

Data Distribution

DATA OFFICER AADC metadata@aad.gov.au	Australian Antarctic Division 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tasmania 7050 Australia Ph +61 3 6232 3244
CLIMATE SERVICES climate.tas@bom.gov.au	Climate and Consultancy Section GPO Box 727 Bureau of Meteorology Tasmania and Antarctica Regional Office Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia Ph +61 3 6221 2043

Data Access Constraints

Data arising from this project are available from the state of the environment indicator URL given below.

Custodian Evaluation

Date entered

Evaluation

8-May-2002

The annual cycle can be seen in the plots of highest monthly air temperatures. This cycle makes it hard to see long-term trends but can be removed by using monthly anomalies, which show the difference between the value for a given month and the long-term mean value for that month.

The anomaly data show significant warming at Macquarie Island, but not at the Antarctic sites.

It should be noted that the data have not been corrected for any changes in site location, site exposure, instrumentation or observing practices.

7-Nov-2002

Condition scale - 5

1 - the environment degraded to the point where rehabilitation is impossible

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

7 - the environment is pristine, in perfect condition, no anthropogenic influences

State of Knowledge scale - 4 - Fair

1 - Poor

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

7 - Excellent

5-Aug-2004

There has been a slight reduction in the highest monthly air temperature over recent years at Macquarie Island, as can be seen in the anomaly data. However, over the whole period of record significant warming has taken place there. No such warming trend is evident for the Antarctic sites.

Condition scale - 5

1 - the environment degraded to the point where rehabilitation is impossible

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

7 - the environment is pristine, in perfect condition, no anthropogenic influences

State of Knowledge scale - 5

1 - Poor

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

7 - Excellent

For definitions of the Scale categories, consult the Explanation of the Status Categories

Related resources

Metadata SOE_monthly_max_temp - Monthly highest air temperatures for Australian Antarctic stations.

Project 805 - Meteorology Observations

Scientific Bibliography 17261 - CSIRO Impacts and Adaptation Working Group (IAWG) (2001) Climate Change Impacts for Australia. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Aitkenvale, Queensland, pp 8

Scientific Bibliography 17262 - White, W.B. & Peterson, R.G. (1996) An Antarctic Circumpolar Wave in Surface Pressure, Wind, Temperature and Sea-Ice Extent. Nature, Volume 380, pp 699-702.

Scientific Bibliography 17264 - CSIRO (2001) Climate Change Projections for Australia. Climate Impact Group, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Melbourne pp.8

SOE Indicator 1 - Monthly mean air temperatures at Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 3 - Lowest monthly air temperatures at Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 4 - Monthly mean lower stratospheric temperatures above Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 5 - Monthly mean mid-tropospheric temperatures above Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 6 - Daily mean 10m Firn Temperatures at AWS sites in the AAT (deg C)

SOE Indicator 8 - Monthly mean atmospheric pressure at Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 11 - Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gas species

SOE Indicator 14 - Midwinter atmospheric temperature at altitude 87km

SOE Indicator 16 - Extent of summer surface glacial melt (sq km)

SOE Indicator 42 - Antarctic sea ice extent and area

SOE Indicator 56 - Monthly fuel usage of the generator sets and boilers

SOE Indicator 59 - Monthly electricity usage at Australian Antarctic Stations

SOE Indicator 70 - The presence or absence of vascular plant species in two defined areas of Heard Island

SOE Indicator 71 - The distribution and extent of Sphagnum moss on Macquarie Island

SOE Indicator 76 - Monthly fuel usage of ships travelling to Australian Antarctic Stations

Parameters

The properties link can be used to view details of the parameters measured for this indicator.

Parameter Name	Unit of measure	Properties
Air Temperature	deg C	(properties)
Air Temperature Anomaly	deg C	(properties)

The following parameters and/or sensor notes are from the metadata record.

Parameters -
EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > AIR TEMPERATURE
EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

Sensors -
AWS

Related URL's

http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/portal/download_file.cfm?file_id=970
Download page for Australian Antarctic Data Centre

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SIMR - (State of Environment)

State of Environment

Indicator 2 - Highest monthly air temperatures at Australian Antarctic Stations