| Scientific Name | Authority | Common Name | | Observations |
| Acarospora cf. macrocyclos |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Acarospora macrocyclos |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Acarospora siplei |
Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Acarospora sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Acarospora wahlenbergii |
H. Magn. |
|
|
Observations |
| Alaskozetes antarcticus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Alga sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Amandinea coniops |
(Wahlenb. in Ach.) Scheidegger & Mayrh. |
|
|
Observations |
| Amandinea petermannii |
(Hue) Matzer, H,Mayrhofer & Scheid. |
|
|
Observations |
| Amblystegium sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Andreaea depressinervis |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Andreaea gainii |
Cardot |
|
|
Observations |
| Andreaea gainii var. gainii |
Card. |
|
|
Observations |
| Andreaea regularis |
C. Müll. |
|
|
Observations |
| Andreaea sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Aphelenchoides haguei |
Maslen, 1979 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Aphelenchoides helicosoma |
Maslen, 1979 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Aphelenchoides sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Aphelenchoides vaughani |
Maslen, 1979 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Apotriophtydeus scotia |
Usher & Edwards |
|
|
Observations |
| Apotriophtydeus sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Aptenodytes forsteri |
Gray, 1844 |
Emperor Penguin |
|
Observations |
| Austroppia crozetensis |
(Richters) |
|
|
Observations |
| Bacidia tuberculata |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Barbilophozia hatcheri |
(A.Evans) Steph. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bartramia oreadella |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Bartramia patens |
Brid. |
|
|
Observations |
| Belgica antarctica |
|
Midge |
|
Observations |
| Biatorella sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Brachythecium austroglareosum |
(C. Muell.) Par. |
|
|
Observations |
| Brachythecium austroglareosum var. diffusum |
(C. Muell.) Par.; Card. |
|
|
Observations |
| Brachythecium austrosalebrosum |
(C. Muell.) Kindb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Brachythecium sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Branchinecta gaini |
|
Shrimp |
|
Observations |
| Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum |
(Hedw.) P.C.Chen |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryonora peltata |
Ovst. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum amblyodon |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum argenteum |
Hedw. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum cf. amblyodon |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum cf. pseudotriquetrum |
(Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum pallescens |
Schleich. ex Schwaegr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum pseudotriquetrum |
(Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum subrotundifolium |
Jaeger |
|
|
Observations |
| Bryum urbanskyi |
Broth. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia anisomera |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia cf. anisomera |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia cf. granulosa |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia cf. latemarginata |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia cladocarpiza |
Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia falklandica |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia festivissima |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia gainii |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia hypopoichila |
(Vain.) Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia latemarginata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia pycnogonoides |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia russa |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia russa var. liouvillei |
(Hue) M. Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia russa var. russa |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Buellia sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca ammiospila |
(Ach.) Oliv. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca athallina |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca cf. athallina |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca cf. inordinata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca cf. lucens |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca cf. phaeocarpella |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca cinericola |
(Hue) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca isidioclada |
Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca lucens |
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca psoromatis |
Olech & Sochting |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca regalis |
(Vain.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca sublobulata |
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Caloplaca tiroliensis |
Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Candelariella flava |
(CW Dodge & Baker) Castello & Nimis |
|
|
Observations |
| Candelariella sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Candelariella vitellina |
(Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. |
|
|
Observations |
| Catillaria corymbosa |
(Hue) M. Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Catillaria eklundi |
Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Cephaloziella exiliflora |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cephaloziella sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cephaloziella varians |
(Gott.) Steph. |
|
|
Observations |
| Ceratodon minutifolius |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Ceratodon purpureus |
Dixon, 1914 |
|
|
Observations |
| Ceratodon sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia cf. pleurota |
(Floerke) Schaer. |
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia cf. pocillum |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia cf. pyxidata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia chlorophaea |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia fimbriata |
(L.) Th. Fr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia galindezii |
Ovst. |
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia gracilis |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia pleurota |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia pocillum |
(Ach.) O.J. Rich. |
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia pyxidata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Cladonia sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Clarkus sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Collema sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Collembola sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Colobanthus quitensis |
(Kunth) Bartl. |
|
|
Observations |
| Colurella amblytela |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Colurella colurus |
(Ehrenberg, 1830) |
|
|
Observations |
| Coomansus gerlachei |
(de Man, 1904) Jairajpuri & Khan, 1977 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Cryptopygus antarcticus |
|
Springtail |
|
Observations |
| Cryptopygus badasa |
Greenslade, 1985 |
|
|
Observations |
| Cystocoleus ebeneus |
(Dillwyn) Thwaites |
|
|
Observations |
| Dermatocarpon antarcticum |
Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum |
(Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell |
|
|
Observations |
| Deschampsia antarctica |
E.Desv. |
|
|
Observations |
| Dicranoweisia crispula |
(Hedw.) Milde |
|
|
Observations |
| Dicranoweisia dryptodontoides |
(C. Muell.) Broth. |
|
|
Observations |
| Didymodon brachyphyllus |
(Sull.) Zander |
|
|
Observations |
| Diptera sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Distichium capillaceum |
(Hedw.) B.S.G. |
|
|
Observations |
| Ditrichum hyalinocuspidatum |
Card. |
|
|
Observations |
| Ditrichum hyalinum |
(Mitt.) Kuntze |
|
|
Observations |
| Drepanocladus sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Drosophila sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Echiniscus pseudowendti |
Dastych, 1984 |
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Echiniscus sp. |
|
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Encalypta rhaptocarpa |
Schwaegr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Encentrum sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Enchytraid worm sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Eudorylaimus isokaryon |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Eudorylaimus paradoxus |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Eudorylaimus sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Eudorylaimus spaulli |
Loof, 1975 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Eudorylaimus verrucosus |
Loof, 1975 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Euphausia superba |
Dana, 1852 |
krill |
|
Observations |
| Eupodes exiguus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Eupodes minutus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Eupodes parvus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Flavoparmelia gerlachei |
(Zahlbr.) Hale |
|
|
Observations |
| Fly sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Friesea grisea |
Sch¿ffer |
Springtail |
|
Observations |
| Frutidella caesioatra |
(Schaer.) Kalb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Gamasellus racovitzai |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Globoppia intermedia |
Hammer |
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Globoppia loxolineata |
(Wallwork) |
|
|
Observations |
| Globoppia loxolineata longipilosa |
Covar., 1968 |
|
|
Observations |
| Globoppia loxolineata longispina |
Covar., 1968 |
|
|
Observations |
| Globoppia loxolineata loxolineata |
Covar., 1968 |
|
|
Observations |
| Grimmia plagiopodia |
Hedw. |
|
|
Observations |
| Grimmia reflexidens |
Mull. Hal. |
|
|
Observations |
| Haematomma erythromma |
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Halozetes belgicae |
(Michael) |
|
|
Observations |
| Hennediella antarctica |
(aengstr.) Ochyra & Matteri |
|
|
Observations |
| Hennediella cf. heimii |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Hennediella heimii |
(Hedwig) RH Zander |
|
|
Observations |
| Huea grisea |
(Vain.) M. Lamb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Hypnum revolutum |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Hypnum revolutum f. pumilum |
(Mitt.) Lindb.; (Husn.) Ando |
|
|
Observations |
| Hypnum sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Hypogastura viatica |
(Tullberg, 1872) |
|
|
Observations |
| Hypsibius alpinus |
|
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Hypsibius dujardini |
(Doyère, 1840) |
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Hypsibius pinguis |
|
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Hypsibius renaudi |
Ramazzotti, 1972 |
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Hypsibius scoticus |
|
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Isotoma (Folsomotoma) octo-oculata |
Willem |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecania brialmontii |
(Vain.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora atrobrunnea |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora cf. expectans |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora cf. physciella |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora dancoensis |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora dispersa agg. |
(Pers.) Sommerf. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora gainiana |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora lavae |
Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora margaritae |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora physciella var. sorediata |
(Darb.) Hertel; Ovst. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora polytropa |
(Hoffm.) Rabenh. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecanora sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea atrobrunnea |
(Ram.) Schaer. |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea brabantica |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea cf. atrobrunnea |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea cf. cancriformis |
C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea eburnea |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea lapicida |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea placodiiformis |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Lecidea sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lepraria caesioalba |
(B. de Lesd.) Laundon |
|
|
Observations |
| Lepraria sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lepraria straminea |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Leproloma cacuminum |
(Massal.) Laundon |
|
|
Observations |
| Leproloma sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Leptogium puberulum |
Hue |
|
|
Observations |
| Leptogium sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lichen sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Lophozia excisa |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Macrobiotus furciger |
Murray, 1907 |
Water bear |
|
Observations |
| Macronectes giganteus |
Gmelin,1789 |
Southern Giant Petrel |
* |
Observations |
| Magellozetes antarcticus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Marchantia berteroana |
Lehm.et Ldbg. |
|
|
Observations |
| Massalongia carnosa |
(Dicks.) K¿rb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Massalongia cf. carnosa |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Mastodia sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Mastodia tessellata |
(Hook. f. & Harv.) Hook. f. & Harv. |
|
|
Observations |
| Megaspora verrucosa |
(Ach.) Hafellner & Wirth |
|
|
Observations |
| Mesodorylaimus imperator |
Loof, 1975 |
|
|
Observations |
| Mesodorylaimus signatus |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Mesodorylaimus sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Monhystera sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| moss sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Nanorchestes antarcticus |
Strandtmann. 1963 |
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Nanorchestes berryi |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Nanorchestes gressitti |
Strandtmann, 1982 |
|
|
Observations |
| Nanorchestes sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| nematode sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Noerneria gigas gerlachei |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Nothofagus sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Notommata torulosa |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Ochrolechia cf. frigida |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Ochrolechia frigida |
(Swartz) Lynge |
|
|
Observations |
| Oppia loxolineata |
|
Midge |
|
Observations |
| Pagodroma nivea |
(Forster,1777) |
Snow Petrel |
|
Observations |
| Panagrolaimus sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Pannaria cf. hookeri |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Parabroteas sarsi |
(Daday, 1901) |
|
|
Observations |
| Parisotoma octooculata |
|
Springtail |
|
Observations |
| Parmelia cf. wainioi |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Parmelia saxatilis |
(L.) Ach. |
|
|
Observations |
| Pertusaria corallophora |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Phaeophyscia endococcina |
(Korber) Moberg |
|
|
Observations |
| Philodina sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Physcia caesia |
(Hoffm.) F¿rnr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Physcia cf. caesia |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Physcia sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Physconia muscigena |
(Ach.) Poelt |
|
|
Observations |
| Placopsis contortuplicata |
M. Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Platydictya jungermannioides |
(Brid.) Crum |
|
|
Observations |
| Platydictya sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus antarcticus |
de Man, 1904 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Plectus cf. armatus |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus cf. belgicae |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus cf. tolerans |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus meridianus |
sp. n. |
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus meridianus sp. n. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus parietinus |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Plectus sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus tolerans |
sp. n. |
|
|
Observations |
| Plectus tolerans sp. n. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Pleopsidium chlorophanum |
(Wahlenb.) |
|
|
Observations |
| Pohlia cruda |
(Hedw.) Lindb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Pohlia cruda var. cruda |
(Hedw.) Lindb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Pohlia nutans |
(Hedw.) Lindb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Polytrichastrum alpinum |
(Hedw.) G.L.Sm. |
|
|
Observations |
| Polytrichum alpestre |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Polytrichum piliferum |
Hedw. |
|
|
Observations |
| Polytrichum sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Polytrichum strictum |
Menz. ex Brid. |
|
|
Observations |
| Prasiola crispa subsp. antarctica |
(Kitzing) Knebel 1936 |
|
|
Observations |
| Pretriophtydeus tilbrooki |
(Strandtmann, 1967) |
|
|
Observations |
| Pseudephebe minuscula |
(Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & Hawksw. |
|
|
Observations |
| Pseudephebe pubescens |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Pseudephebe sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Pseudoboeckella poppei |
Mrázek, 1901 |
|
|
Observations |
| Psora sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Psoroma cf. cinnamomeum |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Psoroma cf. hypnorum |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Psoroma cinnamomeum |
Malme |
|
|
Observations |
| Psoroma hypnorum |
(Vahl) Gray |
|
|
Observations |
| Pygoscelis adeliae |
(Hombron and Jacquinot,1841) |
Adelie Penguin |
|
Observations |
| Resticula gelida |
Harring and Myers, 1922 |
|
|
Observations |
| Rhabdolaimus sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Rhagidia gerlachei |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizocarpon disporum |
(Hepp) Mull. Arg. |
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizocarpon geographicum |
(L.) DC. |
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizocarpon griseolum |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizocarpon sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizoplaca aspidophora |
(Vain.) Redon |
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizoplaca cf. melanophthalma |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Rhizoplaca melanophthalma |
(DC.) Leuckert & Poelt |
|
|
Observations |
| Rinodina ditissima |
(Hue) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Rinodina egentissima |
(Hue) Darb. |
|
|
Observations |
| Rinodina olivaceobrunnea |
Dodge & Baker |
|
|
Observations |
| Rinodina sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Saemundsonia sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Saemundssonia lari |
(Fabricius, 1780) |
Bird louse |
|
Observations |
| Sanionia cf. uncinata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Sanionia georgico-uncinata |
(Muell. Hal.) Ochyra & Hedenas |
|
|
Observations |
| Sanionia uncinata |
(Hedw.) Loeske |
|
|
Observations |
| Sarconeurum glaciale |
(C. Müll.) Card. & Bryhn |
|
|
Observations |
| Schistidium andinum |
(Mitt.) Ochyra |
|
|
Observations |
| Schistidium antarctici |
(Card.) L. Savic. & Smirn. |
|
|
Observations |
| Schistidium occultum |
(Muell. Hal.) Ochyra & Matteri |
|
|
Observations |
| Siphulina orphnina |
(Hue) C. Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Spider sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Stereocaulon alpinum |
Laur. |
|
|
Observations |
| Stereocaulon antarcticum |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Stereocaulon glabrum |
(Mull. Arg.) Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Stereocaulon sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Stereocaulon vesuvianum |
Pers. |
|
|
Observations |
| Stereotydeus villosus |
|
Mite |
|
Observations |
| Stereotydeus Villosus |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Syntrichia cf. princeps |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Syntrichia princeps |
(De Not.) Mitt. |
|
|
Observations |
| Syntrichia sarconeurum |
Ochyra & R.H. Zander |
|
|
Observations |
| Teratocephalus pseudolirellus |
Maslen, 1979 |
|
|
Observations |
| Teratocephalus tilbrooki |
Maslen, 1979 |
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Thamnolecania brialmontii |
(Vain.) Gyelnik |
|
|
Observations |
| Tortella alpicola |
Dixon |
|
|
Observations |
| Tremolecia atrata |
(Ach.) Hertel |
|
|
Observations |
| Trimmatothelopsis antarctica |
Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Tylenchus sp. |
|
Unsegmented roundworm |
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria antarctica |
Frey & Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria aprina |
Nyl. |
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria cf. decussata |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria decussata |
(Vill.) Zahlbr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria kappeni |
Sancho, Schroeter & Valladares |
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria nylanderiana |
(Zahlbr.) H. Magn. |
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Umbilicaria umbilicarioides |
(B. Stein) Krog & Swinscow |
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea antarctica |
Du Rietz. |
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea aurantiaco-atra |
(Jacq.) Bory |
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea sphacelata |
R. Br. |
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea subantarctica |
F.J. Walker |
|
|
Observations |
| Usnea trachycarpa |
(Stirton) Müll. Arg. |
|
|
Observations |
| Verrucaria antarctica |
Dodge |
|
|
Observations |
| Verrucaria elaeoplaca |
Vain. |
|
|
Observations |
| Verrucaria psychrophila |
M. Lamb |
|
|
Observations |
| Verrucaria sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |
| Warnstorfia laculosa |
(C. Muell.) Ochyra & Matteri |
|
|
Observations |
| Xanthoria candelaria |
(L.) Th. Fr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Xanthoria cf. elegans |
(Link) Th.Fr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Xanthoria elegans |
(Link) Th. Fr. |
|
|
Observations |
| Xanthoria sp. |
|
|
|
Observations |